Thus Spoke
Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (German: Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch
für Alle und Keinen, also translated as Thus Spake Zarathustra) is a
philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, composed in four
parts between 1883 and 1885 and published between 1883 and 1891. Much of the
work deals with ideas such as the "eternal recurrence of the same",
the parable on the "death of God", and the "prophecy" of
the Übermensch, which were first introduced in The Gay Science.
The book
chronicles the fictitious travels and speeches of Zarathustra. Zarathustra's
namesake was the founder of Zoroastrianism, usually known in English as
Zoroaster (Avestan: Zaraϑuštra). Nietzsche is clearly portraying a
"new" or "different" Zarathustra, one who turns traditional
morality on its head. He goes on to characterize "what the name of
Zarathustra means in my mouth, the mouth of the first immoralist:"
Friedrich
Nietzsche
Friedrich
Wilhelm Nietzsche 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher,
cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar whose
work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern
intellectual history.
He began his
career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the
youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of
Basel in 1869 at the age of 24. He resigned in 1879 due to health problems that
plagued him most of his life, and he completed much of his core writing in the
following decade. In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and a complete
loss of his mental faculties. He lived his remaining years in the care of his
mother until her death in 1897, and then with his sister Elisabeth
Förster-Nietzsche, and died in 1900.
Also sprach
Zarathustra (Strauss)
Also sprach
Zarathustra, Opus 30 (Thus Spoke Zarathustra or Thus Spake Zarathustra) is a
tone poem by Richard Strauss, composed in 1896 and inspired by Friedrich
Nietzsche's philosophical novel of the same name. The composer conducted its
first performance on 27 November 1896 in Frankfurt. A typical performance lasts
half an hour.
The initial
fanfare – titled "Sunrise" in the composer's program notes – became
particularly well-known after its use in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A
Space Odyssey.
The piece is
divided into nine sections played with only three definite pauses. Strauss
named the sections after selected chapters of the book:
- Einleitung, oder Sonnenaufgang (Introduction, or Sunrise)
- Von den Hinterweltlern (Of Those in Backwaters)
- Von der großen Sehnsucht (Of the Great Longing)
- Von den Freuden und Leidenschaften (Of Joys and Passions)
- Das Grablied (The Song of the Grave)
- Von der Wissenschaft (Of Science and Learning)
- Der Genesende (The Convalescent)
- Das Tanzlied (The Dance Song)
- Nachtwandlerlied (Song of the Night Wanderer)
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