Slavery is, in
the strictest sense of the term, any system in which principles of property law
are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other
individuals, as a de jure form of property. A slave is unable to withdraw
unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many
scholars now use the term chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of
legalised, de jure slavery. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may
also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work
against their own will. Scholars also use the more generic terms such as unfree
labour or forced labour to refer to such situations. However, and especially
under slavery in broader senses of the word, slaves may have some rights and
protections according to laws or customs.
Slavery began to
exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become a slave
from the time of their birth, capture, or purchase.
While slavery was
institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been outlawed in all
recognized countries, the last being Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there
are still more slaves today than at any previous point in history, with an
estimated 45 million people being in slavery worldwide. The most common form of
the slave trade is now commonly referred to as human trafficking. Chattel
slavery is also still practiced by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. In
other areas, slavery (or unfree labour) continues through practices such as
debt bondage, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, certain adoptions
in which children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced
marriage.
Terminology
The English word
slave comes from Old French sclave, from the Medieval Latin sclavus, from the
Byzantine Greek σκλάβος, which, in turn, comes from the ethnonym Slav, because
in some early Medieval wars many Slavs were captured and enslaved. An
older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo 'to strip a slain
enemy'.
There is a
dispute among historians about whether terms such as "unfree
labourer" or "enslaved person", rather than "slave",
should be used when describing the victims of slavery. According to those
proposing a change in terminology, "slave" perpetuates the crime of
slavery in language, by reducing its victims to a nonhuman noun instead of,
according to Andi Cumbo-Floyd, "carry[ing] them forward as people, not the
property that they were". Other historians prefer "slave"
because the term is familiar and shorter, or because it accurately reflects the
inhumanity of slavery, with "person" implying a degree of autonomy
that slavery does not allow for.
No comments:
Post a Comment