Trance denotes
any state of awareness or consciousness other than normal waking consciousness.
Trance states may occur involuntarily and unbidden.
The term trance
may be associated with hypnosis, meditation, magic, flow, and prayer. It may
also be related to the earlier generic term, altered states of consciousness,
which is no longer used in "consciousness studies" discourse.
Etymology
Trance in its
modern meaning comes from an earlier meaning of "a dazed, half-conscious
or insensible condition or state of fear", via the Old French transe
"fear of evil", from the Latin transīre "to cross",
"pass over". This definition is now obsolete.
Working models
Dennis R. Wier,
in his 1995 book, Trance: from magic to technology, defines a simple trance as a state of mind being caused by cognitive
loops where a cognitive object (thoughts, images, sounds, intentional actions)
repeats long enough to result in various sets of disabled cognitive functions.
Wier represents all trances (which include sleep and watching television) as
taking place on a dissociated trance plane where at least some cognitive
functions such as volition are disabled; as is seen in what is typically termed
a 'hypnotic trance'. With this definition, meditation, hypnosis, addictions and
charisma are seen as being trance states. In Wier's 2007 book, The Way of
Trance, he elaborates on these forms, adds ecstasy as an additional form and
discusses the ethical implications of his model, including magic and government
use which he terms "trance abuse".
John Horgan in
Rational Mysticism (2003) explores the neurological mechanisms and
psychological implications of trances and other mystical manifestations. Horgan
incorporates literature and case-studies from a number of disciplines in this
work: chemistry, physics, psychology, radiology and theology.
Working definitions
The following are
some examples of trance states:
- Enchantment: a psychological state induced by
(or as if induced by) a magical incantation
- A state of mind in which consciousness is
fragile and voluntary action is poor or missing
- A state resembling deep sleep
- Capture: attract; cause to be enamored;
"She captured all the men's hearts"; in the sense of entranced
- A condition of apparent sleep or
unconsciousness, with marked physiological characteristics, in which the body
of the subject is thought by certain people to be liable to possession
- An out-of-body experience in which one feels
they have passed out of the body into another state of being, a rapture, an
ecstasy. In a general way, the entranced conditions thus defined are divided
into varying degrees of a negative, unconscious state, and into progressive
gradations of a positive, conscious, illumining condition.
- A state of hyper or enhanced suggestibility.
- An induced or spontaneous sleep-like condition
of an altered state of consciousness, which is thought by certain people to
permit the subject's physical body to be utilized by disembodied spirits or
entities as a means of expression
- An altered state of awareness induced via
hypnotism in which unconscious or dissociated responses to suggestion are
enhanced in quality and increased in degree
- A state induced by the use of hypnosis; the
person accepts the suggestions of the hypnotist
- A state of consciousness characterized by
extreme dissociation often to the point of appearing unconscious.
Trance conditions
include all the different states of mind, emotions, moods and daydreams that
human beings experience. All activities which engage a human involve the filtering
of information coming into sense modalities, and this influences brain
functioning and consciousness. Therefore, trance may be understood as a way for
the mind to change the way it filters information in order to provide more
efficient use of the mind's resources.
Trance states may
also be accessed or induced by various modalities and is a way of accessing the
unconscious mind for the purposes of relaxation, healing, intuition and
inspiration. There is an extensive documented history of trance as evidenced by
the case-studies of anthropologists and ethnologists and associated and
derivative disciplines. Hence trance may be perceived as endemic to the human
condition and a Human Universal. Principles of trance are being explored and
documented as are methods of trance induction. Benefits of trance states are
being explored by medical and scientific inquiry. Many traditions and rituals
employ trance. Trance also has a function in religion and mystical experience.
Richard J. Castillo (1995)
states that: "Trance phenomena result from the behavior of intense
focusing of attention, which is the key psychological mechanism of trance
induction. Adaptive responses, including institutionalized forms of trance, are
'tuned' into neural networks in the brain and depend to a large extent on the
characteristics of culture. Culture-specific organizations exist in the
structure of individual neurons and in the organizational formation of neural
networks."
Kay Hoffman (1998)
states that: "Trance is still conventionally defined as a state of reduced
consciousness, or a somnolent state. However, the more recent anthropological
definition, linking it to 'altered states of consciousness' (Charles Tart), is
becoming increasingly accepted."
Kay Hoffman (1998)
asserts that: "...the trance state should be discussed in the plural,
because there is more than one altered state of consciousness significantly
different from everyday consciousness."
States of consciousness
There are some brain states in which
consciousness seems to be abolished, including dreamless sleep, coma, and
death. There are also a variety of circumstances that can change the
relationship between the mind and the world in less drastic ways, producing
what are known as altered states of consciousness. Some altered states occur
naturally; others can be produced by drugs or brain damage. Altered states can
be accompanied by changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time,
feelings of loss of control, changes in emotional expression, alternations in
body image and changes in meaning or significance.
The two most widely accepted altered states
are sleep and dreaming. Although dream sleep and non-dream sleep appear very
similar to an outside observer, each is associated with a distinct pattern of
brain activity, metabolic activity, and eye movement; each is also associated
with a distinct pattern of experience and cognition. During ordinary non-dream
sleep, people who are awakened report only vague and sketchy thoughts, and
their experiences do not cohere into a continuous narrative. During dream
sleep, in contrast, people who are awakened report rich and detailed
experiences in which events form a continuous progression, which may however be
interrupted by bizarre or fantastic intrusions. Thought processes during the
dream state frequently show a high level of irrationality. Both dream and
non-dream states are associated with severe disruption of memory: it usually
disappears in seconds during the non-dream state, and in minutes after
awakening from a dream unless actively refreshed.
A variety of psychoactive drugs and alcohol
have notable effects on consciousness. These range from a simple dulling of
awareness produced by sedatives, to increases in the intensity of sensory
qualities produced by stimulants, cannabis, empathogens–entactogens such as
MDMA ("Ecstasy"), or most notably by the class of drugs known as psychedelics.
LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and others in this group can produce major
distortions of perception, including hallucinations; some users even describe
their drug-induced experiences as mystical or spiritual in quality. The brain
mechanisms underlying these effects are not as well understood as those induced
by use of alcohol, but there is substantial evidence that alterations in the
brain system that uses the chemical neurotransmitter serotonin play an
essential role.
There has been some research into
physiological changes in yogis and people who practice various techniques of
meditation. Some research with brain waves during meditation has reported
differences between those corresponding to ordinary relaxation and those
corresponding to meditation. It has been disputed, however, whether there is
enough evidence to count these as physiologically distinct states of consciousness.