The 1950s (pronounced nineteen-fifties;
commonly abbreviated as the '50s or Fifties) was a decade of the Gregorian
calendar that began on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959.
By its end, the world had largely recovered
from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the
late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
by the early-1960s.
Dutch grocer in the 50s
Clashes between communism and capitalism
dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The conflicts
included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of
the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1. Along with increased testing of
nuclear weapons (such as RDS-37 and Upshot–Knothole), this created a
politically conservative climate. In the United States, the Second Red Scare
caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was
the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade. The
beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and
accelerated in the following decade.
The 1950's were a time of changes and the
music of the decade both reflected the cultural changes that were happening
while still holding on to the societal norms of the past. Following the
detrimental effects of World War II, the United States was about to embark on a
musical journey that would change the face of music for decades to come. Racial
tensions were being strained with the beginning of the civil rights movement
and music reflected many of those tensions. Rhythm & Blues (R&B) and
Rock 'n' Roll popularized "black" music and many African-American
musicians rose to prominence and enjoyed success, but while some were able to
reap the benefits of their work, many others were forgotten or denied access to
audiences through segregation. A lot of people believe that during the fifties
many of the white artists stole music from African-Americans and capitalized on
it for their own benefit in a way that the original artists could not. A
perfect example of this happening is when Pat Boone was made to cover Little
Richard's song "Tutti Frutti" and Boone's version topped higher on
the charts, while considered by many to be the inferior version of the song.
Others believe that the popularization of R&B and Rock 'n' Roll only helped
to bridge the gap between blacks and whites and further the civil rights
movement. While those genres paved the way for future music, traditional pop
and country music clung to the past with old standards remaining popular and a
multitude of covers topping the charts. Either way, this decade was a time of
innovation that helped to influence everything that we listen to on the radio
today.
Baseball is a
bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns
batting and fielding.
The batting team
attempts to score runs by hitting a ball that is thrown by the pitcher with a
bat swung by the batter, then running counter-clockwise around a series of four
bases: first, second, third, and home plate. A run is scored when a player
advances around the bases and returns to home plate.
Players on the
batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which
tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player
on the batting team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to
subsequent bases during teammates' turns batting, such as on a hit or by other
means. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team
records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the visiting
team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team
with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no
game clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning.
Baseball evolved
from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th
century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern
version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as
the national sport of the United States. Baseball is currently popular in North
America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and East Asia,
particularly Japan.
In the United
States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are divided
into the National League (NL) and American League (AL), each with three
divisions: East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by
playoffs that culminate in the World Series. The top level of play is similarly
split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the
West League and East League.