A
Christmas market, also known as Christkindlmarkt (literally: Baby Jesus
Market), Christkindlesmarkt, Christkindlmarket, Christkindlimarkt, and
Weihnachtsmarkt, is a street market associated with the celebration of
Christmas during the four weeks of Advent. These markets originated in Germany
but are now being held in many other countries. The history of Christmas
markets goes back to the Late Middle Ages in the German-speaking part of
Europe, and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire that includes many
eastern regions of France. The Christmas markets of Bautzen were first held in
1384. Dresden's Striezelmarkt was first held in 1434. Frankfurt was first
mentioned in 1393, Munich in 1310, and Augsburg in 1498. In Austria, Vienna's
"December market" can be considered a forerunner of Christmas markets
and dates back to 1298.
Zwetschgenmännle
In many
towns in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, Advent is usually ushered in with
the opening of the Christmas market or "Weihnachtsmarkt". In southern
Germany, Switzerland and Austria, it is called a
"Christkind(e)l(s)(i)markt"(German language, literally meaning
"Christ child market"). Traditionally held in the town square, the
market has food, drink and seasonal items from open-air stalls accompanied by
traditional singing and dancing. On opening night at the Christkindlesmarkt in
Nuremberg, and in some other towns, onlookers welcome the
"Christkind" (originally boy Jesus, but often depicted as an
angel-like girl), acted out by a local child.
Attractions
and stalls
Gebrannte Mandeln
Popular
attractions at the markets include the Nativity Scene (a crèche or crib),
Zwetschgenmännle (figures made of decorated dried plums), Nussknacker (carved
Nutcrackers), Gebrannte Mandeln (candied, toasted almonds), traditional
Christmas cookies such as Lebkuchen and Magenbrot (both forms of soft
gingerbread), Bratwurst, and for many visitors one of the highlights of the
market: Glühwein, hot mulled wine (with or without a shot of brandy), or
Eierpunsch (an egg-based warm alcoholic drink). Both help stave off the cold
winter air which sometimes dips below freezing. More regional food specialties
include Christstollen (Stollen), a sort of bread with candied fruit in Saxony,
and hot Apfelwein and Frankfurter Bethmännchen in Hesse.
International
Students' Day is an international observance of the student community, held
annually on November 17. Originally commemorating the Nazi storming of Czech
universities in 1939 and the subsequent killing and sending of students to
concentration camps, it is now marked by a number of universities, sometimes on
a day other than November 17, as a nonpolitical celebration of the
multiculturalism of their international students.
Origin
The date
commemorates the anniversary of the 1939 Nazi storming of the University of
Prague after demonstrations against the German occupation of Czechoslovakia and
the killings of Jan Opletal and worker Václav Sedláček. The Nazis rounded up
the students, murdered nine student leaders and sent over 1,200 students to concentration
camps, mainly Sachsenhausen. They subsequently closed all Czech universities
and colleges. By this time Czechoslovakia no longer existed, as it had been
divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Slovak Republic
under a fascist puppet government.
Jan Opletal
In late
1939 the Nazi authorities in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia suppressed
a demonstration in Prague held by students of the Medical Faculty of Charles
University. The demonstration was held on 28 October to commemorate the
anniversary of the independence of the Czechoslovak Republic (1918). During
this demonstration the student Jan Opletal was shot, and later died from his
injuries on 11 November. On 15 November his body was supposed to be transported
from Prague to his home in Moravia. His funeral procession consisted of
thousands of students, who turned the event into an anti-Nazi demonstration.
However, the Nazi authorities took drastic measures in response, closing all
Czech higher education institutions, arresting more than 1,200 students, who
were then sent to concentration camps, executing nine students and professors
without trial on 17 November. Historians speculate that the Nazis granted
permission for the funeral procession already expecting a violent outcome, in
order to use that as a pretext for closing down universities and purging
anti-fascist dissidents.
In 2009,
on the 70th anniversary of 17 November 1939, OBESSU and ESU promoted a number
of initiatives throughout Europe to commemorate the date. An event was held
from 16 to 18 November at the University of Brussels, focusing on the history
of the students' movement and its role in promoting active citizenship against
authoritarian regimes, and followed by an assembly discussing the role of
student unions today and the need for the recognition of a European Student
Rights Charter. The conference gathered around 100 students representing
national students and student unions from over 30 European countries, as well
as some international delegations.