Communication
(from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the act of conveying
meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually
understood signs and semiotic rules.
The main
steps inherent to all communication are:
The
formation of communicative motivation or reason.
Message
composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what exactly to
express).
Message
encoding (for example, into digital data, written text, speech, pictures,
gestures and so on).
Transmission
of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific channel or
medium.
Noise
sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity (both
intentional and accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals
propagating from the sender to one or more receivers.
Reception
of signals and reassembling of the encoded message from a sequence of received
signals.
Decoding
of the reassembled encoded message.
Interpretation
and making sense of the presumed original message.
The
scientific study of communication can be divided into:
Information
theory which studies the quantification, storage, and communication of
information in general;
Communication
studies which concerns human communication;
Biosemiotics
which examines communication in and between living organisms in general.
The
channel of communication can be visual, auditory, tactile (such as in Braille)
and haptic, olfactory, electromagnetic, or biochemical.
Human
communication is unique for its extensive use of abstract language. Development
of civilization has been closely linked with progress in telecommunication.
Emma
Nutt (July 1860–1915) became the world's first female telephone operator on
September 1, 1878, when she started working for the Edwin Holmes Telephone
Dispatch Company (or the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company) in Boston,
Massachusetts, U.S.
Life and
career
In
January 1878, the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company had started hiring boys as
telephone operators, starting with George Willard Croy. Boys (reportedly
including Nutt's husband) had been very successful as telegraphy operators, but
their attitude (lack of patience) and behavior (pranks and cursing) were
unacceptable for live phone contact, so the company began hiring women
operators instead. Thus, on September 1, 1878, Nutt was hired, starting a
career that lasted between 33 and 37 years, ending with her retirement sometime
between 1911 and 1915. A few hours after Nutt started working, her sister
Stella became the world's second female telephone operator, also making the
pair the first two sister telephone operators in history. Unlike her sister,
Stella only remained on the job for a few years.
Emma and Stella Nutt, working alongside boy operators in Boston, 1878
The
customer response to her soothing, cultured voice and patience was
overwhelmingly positive, so boys were soon replaced by women. In 1879 these
included Bessie Snow Balance, Emma Landon, Carrie Boldt, and Minnie Schumann,
the first female operators in Michigan.
Nutt was
hired by Alexander Graham Bell, who is credited with inventing the first
practical telephone; apparently, she changed jobs from a local telegraph office.
She was paid a salary of $10 per month for a 54-hour week. Reportedly, she
could remember every number in the telephone directory of the New England
Telephone Company.
To be an
operator, a woman had to be unmarried and between the ages of seventeen and
twenty-six. She had to look prim and proper and have arms long enough to reach
the top of the tall telephone switchboard. Like many other American businesses
at the turn of the century, telephone companies discriminated against people
from certain ethnic groups and races. For instance, African-American and Jewish
women were not allowed to become operators.
1
September is unofficially commemorated as Emma M. Nutt Day.
This
special day, conveniently leading up to Labor Day on Monday, honors the world
and work of telephone operators. It was a highly important job for many
decades, although in recent years most of such positions have been eliminated
by automation in telephone systems.
Last week it was the birthday of Patrick Wayne Swayze.
Patrick Wayne Swayze was born on August 18, 1952, in
Houston, Texas, the second child of Patsy Swayze, a
choreographer, dance instructor, and dancer, and Jesse Wayne Swayze, an engineering draftsman. He had two younger brothers, actor Don
(born 1958) and Sean Kyle (born 1962), and two sisters, Vickie Lynn (1949–1994)
and Bambi. Swayze and his siblings were raised in their mother's Roman
Catholic faith.
Until the age of 20, Swayze lived in the Oak Forest neighbourhood
of Houston, where he attended St. Rose of Lima Catholic School, Oak Forest
Elementary School, Black Middle School, and Waltrip High School. During this
time, he pursued multiple artistic and athleticskills, such as ice skating,
classical ballet, and acting in school plays. He played football for his high
school and was hoping to receive a football scholarship for college until a
knee injury ended his career. He also concurrently practiced martial arts such
as Wushu, Taekwondo and Aikido, which he used to channel his
"self-deprecating rage". In 1972, he moved to New York City to
complete his formal dance training at the Harkness Ballet and Joffrey Ballet
schools.
Skatetown, U.S.A. (1979)
His first professional appearance was as a dancer for
Disney on Parade. He starred as a replacement playing the role of Danny Zuko in
the long-running Broadway production of Grease before his debut film role as
"Ace" in Skatetown, U.S.A. (1979). He appeared as Pvt. Sturgis in the
M*A*S*H episode "Blood Brothers" (1981) as well as in the TV movie Return
of the Rebels (1981) with Barbara Eden and had a brief stint in 1983 on a
short-lived TV series The Renegades playing a gang leader named Bandit. Swayze
became known to the film industry after appearing in The Outsiders (1983) as
the older brother of C. Thomas Howell and Rob Lowe. Also, in 1983, Swayze
played a U.S.M.C. trainer in Vietnam rescue film Uncommon Valor with Gene
Hackman. The following year, Swayze, Howell, and Howell's friend Darren Dalton
reunited in Red Dawn (1984); in 1986, Lowe and Swayze reunited in Youngblood
(1986). His first major success was in the 1985 television miniseries North and
South, which was set during the American Civil War.
Swayze's breakthrough role came with his performance
as dance instructor Johnny Castle in the film Dirty Dancing (1987), alongside
his Red Dawn co-star Jennifer Grey. Dirty Dancing, a coming of age story, was a
low-budget film that was intended to be shown in theatres for one weekend only
and then be released on video, but it became a surprise hit and achieved an
enormous international success. It was the first film to sell one million
copies on video, and as of 2009, it had earned over $214 million worldwide and
spawned several alternative versions, ranging from a television series to stage
productions to a computer game. Swayze received a Golden Globe Award nomination
for the role, and sang one of the songs on the soundtrack, "She's Like the
Wind", which he had originally co-written with Stacy Widelitz for the film
Grandview, U.S.A. (1984). The song became a top-10 hit and has been covered by
other artists.
During his career Swayze received three Golden Globe
Award nominations, for Dirty Dancing (1987), Ghost (1990), and To Wong Foo,
Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar (1995). His other films included The
Outsiders (1983), Road House (1989), and Point Break (1991). He was
posthumously awarded the Rolex Dance Award in 2009.
In January 2008, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
He fought the illness for well over a year and was able to continue working,
but died on September 14, 2009.
Dirty Dancing
Dirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama dance
film written by Eleanor Bergstein, directed by Emile Ardolino and starring
Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey in the lead roles, and featuring Cynthia
Rhodes and Jerry Orbach.
Originally a low-budget film by a new studio, Vestron
Pictures, Dirty Dancing became a box office hit. As of 2009, it has earned over
$214 million worldwide. It was the first film to sell more than a million
copies on home video, and the Dirty Dancing soundtrack created by Jimmy Ienner
generated two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles, including "(I've
Had) The Time of My Life", which won both the Golden Globe and Academy
Award for Best Original Song, and a Grammy Award for best duet. The film's
popularity led to a 2004 prequel, Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, and a stage
version which has had sell out performances in Australia, Europe, and North
America.
Dirty Dancing tells the story of Baby, a young woman
who's deciding what direction she wants to take her life as she enters
adulthood. Luckily, she has an entire summer to figure it out at Kellerman's, a
resort where her family goes every summer to relax, swim, do daytime activities
and, yes, even dance.
It's dancing that gets Baby involved with Johnny
Castle, one of the handsome dance instructors at Kellerman's. After a personal
tragedy strikes Johnny's dance partner, Penny, Baby agrees to help Johnny out —
but first, she has to learn how to dance. From there, romance blooms quickly
between Baby and Johnny, and soon these two are trying to decide if they can
make their romance last long after the summer ends.
Thursday 23 August
2018, we have our next topic event given on River Island and is all about The
Netherlands. We have DJ Trees and Artist Angel with a performance of Andre
Hazes.
There are several posts on this blog about The Netherlands, Holland and the Dutch people.
All credits are for
Deepert who did the organization of this event!!
André
Hazes
André
Gerardus "André" Hazes (30 June 1951 – 23 September 2004) was a Dutch
singer in a genre called levenslied ("song about life"), popular
music about everyday life sung in the Dutch language. André Hazes was one of
the most successful singers in this genre. Hazes recorded 31 studio and live
albums and he released 55 singles.
André
Hazes was both a cult figure and a very successful mainstream pop artist. He
earned both reputations by being the most successful baby boom generation
interpreter of "het levenslied" -- the Dutch equivalent of American
country songs or the French chanson. "Het levenslied" (the life song)
evokes the lives of ordinary people in simple and recognizable terms, often
with a melodramatic touch. Hazes rose to fame in the 1970s, with hit songs like
"Eenzame Kerst" and "De Vlieger." He secured his mainstream
success well into the '80s, and although he was obscured somewhat in the 1990s,
Hazes returned to the spotlight in 1999, staying there until his early and
unfortunate death in 2004.
André
Hazes was born in Amsterdam on June 30, 1951, in the working-class neighborhood
of De Pijp. He fell in love with music -- especially rock & roll and the
blues -- at an early age.
Albert Cuyp markt. Amsterdam, Nederland, 22 oktober 1959
When he was only eight years old, André was
discovered by Johnny Kraaykamp, Sr., shortly after which his single
"Droomschip" was released, but it failed to bring success. Sometimes,
lightning does strike twice, because in 1976 -- when Hazes was 26 years old --
he was discovered again, this time by no less than Willy Alberti. Up until
then, Hazes had gone through a string of jobs: from factory worker to market
salesman. Alberti ensured the release of the single "Eenzame Kerst"
during the Christmas season of 1976. Hazes' first full-length studio album,
entitled Zo Is Het Leven, followed in the summer of 1977, to positive reviews
and good sales. Frustration and tension with his record label, however, kept
Hazes away from recording and the music industry for the next few years. Among
other things, he worked as a bartender. He returned to the recording and
performing fold in 1980 -- with the help of producer Tim Griek, Hazes released
a single "'N Vriend" and a studio album of the same name. 'N Vriend's
successor, Gewoon André, reached the top of the album charts a year later.
The
single "Een Beetje Verliefd" became Hazes' ticket to superstardom.
For Hazes, the '80s were marked by over 20 hit singles and more than a dozen
successful studio albums, as well as sold-out shows, live albums, and his own
(although short-run) television series. In May 1988, Hazes' friend and producer
Tim Griek died. Later that year the Dutch football team won the European Championship,
and Hazes released a single, recorded with the team, entitled "Wij Houden
Van Oranje."
The song grew into a national sports anthem. At the end of
the '80s, Hazes recorded and released Dit Is Wat Ik Wil, a collection of blues
originals and covers of Dutch and English-language origin. Among them was a
version of "The Thrill Is Gone" with Brainbox's Kaz Lux and
"What'd I Say" with Herman Brood. With two new producers, Hazes kept
his production pace high in the 1990s -- delivering at least one new studio
album per year -- but signs of wear, both artistically and in his audience,
were beginning to show (though his sales consolidated and never dropped below
respectable levels).
Even
more importantly, Hazes' lifestyle, consisting of many shows a year and a lot
of drinking, was beginning to take its toll. Hazes was never in the best
physical shape, but at the end of the '90s he had become seriously overweight
and began experiencing heart problems. After filmmaker René Appel made a
documentary about him, Hazes' star rose to national fame once again: Zij
Gelooft In Mij showed Hazes in all his fragility -- both as a performer and as
a husband and a father. His next three albums all made the Top Three of the
album charts, and the compilation 25 Jaar: Het Allerbeste Van reached the
number one position and eventually spent over two years in the album charts. In
2003, Hazes celebrated his silver anniversary as a performer with a concert in
the Amsterdam Arena, immortalized with the DVD Live in de Amsterdam Arena.
In May
2004, Hazes announced that he had hearing problems; as a result, he had to
cancel his concerts. Four months later, on the 21st of September, Hazes was
rushed to a hospital. He died two days later as a result of two strokes and
cardiac arrest. Hazes was given a farewell ceremony in the Amsterdam Arena on
September 27, with more than 48,000 people present. Over six million people
from the Netherlands and Belgium watched the service. Several Dutch celebrities
spoke and/or performed that night -- among them were Trijntje Oosterhuis, René
Froger, and Guus Meeuwis -- and Hazes' band played Gary Moore's "Still Got
the Blues." Though some argue that the evening was over the top (and
perhaps rightly so), Hazes' farewell ceremony stressed his special status as a
performer; not merely loved for his music, he was also adored for being himself
-- a plain and ordinary yet special person and performer. Hazes' single
"Zij Gelooft In Mij" was re-released two days later. It became his
fifth number one single (others were "Eenzame Kerst,""Diep In
Mijn Hart,""Ik Meen 't," and "Wij Houden Van
Oranje").
A year
after his death, on September 23, 2005, Hazes' ashes were shot into the sky.
That same day, a statue was uncovered at the Albert Cuyp market in Amsterdam,
the place where Hazes was first discovered. After his death, Hazes scored
several more hits -- some of them posthumous duets with contemporary artists
such as Gerard Joling and his son André Jr. An album of these duets, Samen Met
Dré, was released in 2007. It reached the number one slot not long thereafter,
staying there for three weeks.