On August 26, 1994 the BBC had the news that “a man gets 'bionic' heart.”
"A man has been given the world's first
battery-operated heart in a pioneering operation in Britain. The patient, an
unnamed 62-year-old from the south of England, is now in a stable condition at
the world-famous Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire."
Arthur
Cornhill, 62, became the world's first patient to go home with a mechanical
heart - a plastic and metal device in his abdomen. It was fitted at Papworth
Hospital, Cambridgeshire, in August 1994. The recipient of the heart pump was later named as
Arthur Cornhill.
He died from
kidney failure nine months after the operation.
At the time of Mr
Cornhill's death, the LVAD (left ventricular
assist device)
had been implanted into two other British men, one of whom died shortly
afterwards.
In 2000 progress in LVAD (left ventricular assist device) technology
allowed doctors in Oxford, England, to fit the first pump designed to be a
permanent fixture inside a patient's failing heart. The patient, Peter
Houghton, was on the brink of death before the operation that allowed to him to
lead a fit and active life.
Bionics
Bionics is the application of biological methods and
systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and
modern technology.
The word bionic was coined by Jack E. Steele in 1958,
possibly originating from the technical term bion (pronounced BEE-on; from
Ancient Greek: βίος), meaning 'unit of life' and the suffix -ic, meaning 'like'
or 'in the manner of', hence 'like life'. Some dictionaries, however, explain
the word as being formed as a portmanteau from biology and electronics. It was
popularized by the 1970s U.S. television series The Six Million Dollar Man and
The Bionic Woman, both based upon the novel Cyborg by Martin Caidin, which was
itself influenced by Steele's work. All feature humans given superhuman powers
by electromagnetically implants.
The transfer of technology between lifeforms and
manufactures is, according to proponents of bionic technology, desirable
because evolutionary pressure typically forces living organisms, including
fauna and flora, to become highly optimized and efficient. A classic example is
the development of dirt- and water-repellent paint (coating) from the
observation that the surface of the lotus flower plant is practically unstick
for anything (the lotus effect).
Examples of bionics in engineering include the hulls
of boats imitating the thick skin of dolphins; sonar, radar, and medical
ultrasound imaging imitating animal echolocation.
In the field of computer science, the study of bionics
has produced artificial neurons, artificial neural networks, and swarm
intelligence. Evolutionary computation was also motivated by bionics ideas but
it took the idea further by simulating evolution in silicon and producing
well-optimized solutions that had never appeared in nature.