Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a
chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid.
The game is played by millions of people worldwide.
Each player begins with 16 pieces: one king, one queen,
two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece
types moves differently, with the most powerful being the queen and the least
powerful the pawn. The objective is to checkmate the opponent's king by placing
it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end, a player's pieces are
used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, while supporting each other.
In addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation of the
opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or checkmate
appears unavoidable. A game can also in several ways end in a draw.
Chess is believed to have originated in India sometime
before the 7th century, being derived from the Indian game chaturanga,
which is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi,
janggi, and shogi. (A minority view holds that chess originated in China.) The
pieces assumed their current powers in Spain in the late 15th century; the
rules were finally standardized in the 19th century. The first generally
recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886.
Since 1948, the World Championship has been regulated by FIDE, the game's
international governing body. FIDE also organizes the Women's World
Championship, the World Junior Championship, the World Senior Championship, the
Blitz and Rapid World Championships, and the Chess Olympiad, a popular
competition among international teams. There is also a Correspondence Chess
World Championship and a World Computer Chess Championship. Online chess has
opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and varied group of
players.
FIDE awards titles to skilled players, the highest of
which is grandmaster. Many national chess organizations also have a title
system; however, these are not recognized by FIDE.
Until recently, chess was a recognized sport of the International
Olympic Committee; some national sporting bodies such as the Spanish Consejo
Superior de Deportes also recognize chess as a sport. Chess was included in the
2006 and 2010 Asian Games.
Since the second half of the 20th century, computers have
been programmed to play chess with increasing success, to the point where the
strongest home computers play at a higher level than the best human players.
Since the 1990s, computer analysis has contributed significantly to chess
theory, particularly in the endgame. The IBM computer Deep Blue was the first
machine to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion in a match when it defeated
Garry Kasparov in 1997. The rise of strong computer programs (called
"engines") runnable on hand-held devices has led to increasing
concerns about cheating during tournaments.